Some Finger Like Projection Are Present In The Inner Wall Of Small Intestine. Write Their Name. Why Are They Important?
The fingers-like structure present on the inner surface of the small intestine are called Villi. About five millions of villi are present in the intestines, thus they increase the absorptive surface of the intestine considerably and facilitate quick absorption of the digested food. Each villi contains a network of blood capillaries with a central lacteal vessel (lymph vessel).
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Which Is The Internal Energy Reserve In Plants? Do The Animals Have The Same Energy Reserve? Justify Your Answer.
Carbohydrates are utilized for providing energy to the plants and are stored in the form of starch, which serves as the internal energy reserve to be used as and when required by the plant. In animals, carbohydrates are reserved in the form of glycogen, as internal energy reserve. The carbohydrates like starch (in plants) and glycogen (in animals) serve as the internal energy reserve because they are polymer of glucose and their hydrolysis provide glucose molecules to provide energy at the time of need.
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What Are Nutrients?
Nutrients are substances which an organism obtains from its surroundings and uses it either as an energy source or source of material required for growth and maintenance of the body.
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Explain The Structure Of Stomata. Write Functions Of Guard Cells.
i). The outermost layer of cell i.e., usually the epidermis is not continuous at some place e.g., on the surface of leaves or green herbaceous stems. The epidermis of the young shoot and leaves contains numerous minute pores called stomata. Each stomata opening is surrounded by two semilunar cells known as the guard cells. The term тАШstomataтАЩ (plural тАУ stomata) is applied to the stomatal opening plus the guard cells. The guard cells are living and contains chloroplast. Their inner walls (wall towards opening) are thicker and outer walls thinner.
ii). Function of guard cells: the guard cells regulate the opening and closing of the stomatal pore. The guard cells swell when water flows into them causing the stomatal pore to open. Because inflow of water in guard cells causes the stretching and bulging of outer thin walls in converse shape. This drags thick walls apart leading to opening of the pore. When there is outflow of water from guard cells, the outer thin walls come to their original position resulting in closure of stomatal pore.
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Write Major Functions Of Stomata Present In The Epidermis.
Major functions of stomata are:
1. Stomata are essential for exchange of gases between the plants and the atmosphere-Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. Normally, plants eliminate excessive water in the form of vapour through stomatal openings. The process is called transpiration.
3. When there is shortage of water, stomatal openings get closed. Thus, reduce water lose. Stomatal opening also close down during night. Thus, stomata regulate water lose from plants i.e., they regulate transpiration.
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Stomata Remains Closed During The Day In Desert Plants. How They Get Carbon Dioxide For Photosynthesis?
In desert, temperature is very high so stomata are closed to reduce the loss of water due to transpiration. Therefore, desert plants are adapted to take up carbon dioxide at night when stomata are open. This CO2, taken up in night, prepare an intermediate compound. This intermediate compound is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day to prepare food
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Explain Parasitic Mode Of Nutrition With Two Examples.
Parasitic mode of nutrition: Some organisms derive their nutrition from other plants or animals (hosts). This is known as parasitic mode of nutrition and such organisms are called parasites. Some parasites are ectoparasite. They lived outside of the body of the host and derive their nutrition, the host such as cuscuta, leech, blood sucking mosquitoes etc. are ectoparasite. Some parasites live in the body of the host called endoparasites. For example: tapeworm, some fungi, etc.
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How Does Nutrition Takes Place In Paramoecium?
Paramoecium is unicellular animal which has a definite shape (slipper тАУ like).
Paramoecium takes in food at a specific point (through oral groove to mouth to gullet). Food such as bacteria or very small organisms are moved to the specific spot (ingestion point) by the movement of cilia which are present all over the single-celled body.
From the gullet a food vacuole is formed which starts circulating in the endoplasm. During circulation food is digested by enzymes. The digested food diffuses into the cytoplasm and undigested food is thrown out through the pore.
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What Is Emulsification?
Emulsification means a fine dispersion of one liquid in another. In reference to digestion of food, breakdown of large fat globules in the small intestine by the bile juice from liver into fine smaller fat globules so to increase the efficiency of enzyme action, is called emulsification.
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Questions For Practice
Question 1:
тАЬThe breathing cycle is rhythemic whereas exchange of gases is a continuous processтАЭ Justify the statement. Differentiate between Inhalation and Exhalation.
Answer 1:
The blood brings CO2 form the body parts to be released into the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar cavity is taken up in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body. This forms the breathing cycle (taking in air and given out air) is rhythmic. But during breathing cycle, when air is taken in and let out. The lungs always contain a residual volume of air. So that there is sufficient time for oxygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Thus, there is some gap in between inspiration (taking in air) and expiration (given out air) during breathing cycle but exchange of gases continuous.
Question 2:
What are the basic materials used during photosynthesis? Write chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Answer 2:
Materials used in photosynthesis are (a) Carbon Dioxide and (b) Water. Chemical equation of photosynthesis.
Questions From Board Papers
Question 1:
Explain the process of nutrition in amoeba with the help of diagrams.
Answer 1:
Engulfing of Food: Amoeba obtains food by phagocytosis (a type of holozoic nutrition). Amoeba engulfs the food by forming pseudopodia.
1. Two pseudopodia start growing from opposite sides of food particle. They completely encircle the food and their lips touch each other.
2. The membranes of both the pseudopodia dissolve at the point of touching and the food is encaptured into the Amoeba (one cell body) in a bag known as food vacuole.
3. Digestion of food: Inside the food vacuole, complex substances of the food are broken down into simpler ones. The digested simple substances diffuse from food vacuole into cytoplasm.
4. The remaining undigested material is moved near the surface of the single-celled body of amoeba and thrown out.
Example of other unicellular organisms are Paramoecium and Euglena. Pseudopodia also help amoeba in locomotion.
Question 2:
a) Where are salivary glands located in human beings?
b) Name the enzyme found in saliva. State the role of saliva in the digestion of food.
Answer 2:
Salivary glands secrete their secretion called saliva in the mouth cavity. There are three pairs of salivary glands located in the mouth. Saliva Amylase enzyme.
Role Or Function of saliva:
1. Saliva moisten the food thus help in chewing of food by the teeth.
2. Human saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase that converts starch into maltose (a sugar).
3. Saliva also helps in swolling and passage of food chewed food through the food canal which has soft lining.
Important Questions On 10th Science Chapter 6
Kills germs present in the food and makes the food acidic, so that pepsin can digest protein.
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Thus, it is necessary for them to separate oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood, so that their circulatory system is more efficient and can maintain their constant body temperature.
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What Is Meant By The Metabolic Activities? Give Some Example Of Activities Which Are Essential For The Maintenance Of Living Organism.
The various life processes which take place in the living organism are called metabolic activities or metabolism. These life processes can either be anabolic or catabolic in nature. Nutrition, respiration, transportation and excretion are some of the life process that are essential for the functioning as well as maintenance of living organism.
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Define The Nutrition? What Are The Different Mode Of Nutrition?
Nutrition is defined as a process a process by which living organism procure food or synthesize it and convert it into simple absorbable form by serious of biochemical process. Nutrition can be defined as the substance which an organism obtains from its surrounding and use it as a source of energy as well as provide raw material for the biosynthesis of body constituent. There are two basic mode of nutrition are
(i) Autotropic
(ii) Heterotrophic
(iii) Holozoic
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Discuss About The Autotrophic, Heterotrophic And Holozoic Modes Of Nutrition?
Autotropic: In autotropic nutrition organism manufacture their own food from simple inorganic raw materials. Majority of green plant are capable of manufacturing their own food in the presence of light by using water and carbon dioxide.
Heterotrophic: Heterotrophic organism cannot prepare their own food. They depend on plants, animal or on dead decay organic materials for their food. Saprophyte derive their nourishment from dead decaying matter.
Holozoic: Holozoic nutrition is a mode of nutrition which involves swallowing of solid food material. Ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion are the various steps involved in holozoic nutrition.
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Define The Process Of Photosynthesis? And Also Give The Events Occur During The Process Of Photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis can be define as the synthesis of organic compound(carbohydrates) from CO2 and H2O using radiant energy or solar energy by chlorophyll molecules. The process of photosynthesis involving two phases: Light reaction and dark reaction.
The following event occurs during the process of photosynthesis:
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conservation of light energy to chemical energy as well as splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
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What Are The Organs Of Digestive System In Human Body?
In humans, the digestive system consist of a long alimentary canal and digestive gland. Various parts of alimentary canal in sequence are mouth, oesophagus, stomata, small intestine and large intestine.
Chloroplast And Chlorophyll
Chloroplast: Any of the chlorophyll containing organelles (that is plastid) which are found in large numbers in plant and algae cells undergoing photosynthesis are called chloroplast. The plant chloroplasts are typically lens shaped and bounded by a double membrane.
Chlorophyll: It is a green pigment in plant, which acts as a catalyst. It is responsible for absorption of the sunтАЩs energy by the plant. The chlorophyll pigment are photoreceptor molecules which play a key role in the photosynthetic process.
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How Does The Digestion Take Place In Human Being?
(i).┬аDigestion start in mouth:
Teeth chew food, Salivary gland release Salivary Amylase which digest or broke down complex starch into simple sugar(maltose) tongue mix chew food into saliva which is known as mastigation. It makes the food soft and slippery
(ii).┬аFood pipe (OESOPHAGUS)
It is a type of connectivity between mouth and stomach the muscle of Oesophagus regularly contract and relax which is stand to food into the stomach this motion is known as peristaltic movement.
(iii).┬аStomach: The wall of stomach has many gastric glands that produce gastric juice which contains HCL, Mucus, Pepsin.
HCL: It kill germs and create acidic medium for the action of pepsin (a protein digestive enzymes)
Mucus: The wall of stomach has many hairs like structure called mucus that prevent the action of HCL on the wall of stomach here food is converted into partially digested semisolid form.
Pepsin: Pepsin digest protein in acidic medium.
(iv).┬аSmall Intestine: Finally digestion of food occurs in small intestine. The semi digested food goes into small intestine with the help of Sphincter muscle. Their many types of enzymes are secreting by liver and pancreas
(v)┬аLiver: It is a largest gland of our body it secretes bile juice that help in digestion of fat by breaking it into small globules of fat this is known as emulsification of fat. Bile juice make the medium alkaline in the small intestine that help intestinal juice to help inn digestion of food.
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Discuss About The Pancreatic Juice Which Contain Three Different Type Of Enzymes That Trypsin, Lipase And Pancreatic Amylase.
Trypsin: Trypsin digest protein and convert into Peptones, Peptides and amino acids.
Lipase: Lipase convert fat globules fatty acid and glycerol.
Pancreatic amylase: Pancreatic amylase convert carbohydrate into simple sugar.
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How Does The Absorption Of Food Taken Place In Human Body?
Digested food passes through of villi and enters into the blood flowing in the capillaries in the villi. Villi makes the lining of wall of intestine rough that increase the surface area for absorption of food.
Assimilation: The blood carries the digested food to cell and the excessive absorbed food that is not utilized is stored in the liver as Glycogen (It is said to be animal starch).
Large Intestine: The undigested and unabsorbed food passes through large intestine here water and salt absorbed from undigested food and rest are spell out to anus (Anus contain Sphincter machine).
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How Does The Nutrition Take Place In The Plant Body?
The real site of photosynthesis in plant in chloroplast. Present in middle portion of leaf called mesophyll layer. Plant prepare glucose(C6H12O6) and stored as a starch (Complex sugar)
(i) Upper layer of leaf is known as Epidermal.
(ii) Middle part of leaf is known as Mesophyll.
(iii) Lower part of leaf is known as Epidermal.
In Chloroplast there are three type of pigment are present.
(i) Green pigment
(ii) Colour pigment
(iii) Colourless pigment
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Discuss About The Heterotrophic Nutrition And Also Define The Other Mode Of Nutrition?
The type of nutrition in which organisms derive their food (nutrients) from other living organisms. In heterotrophic nutrition, the energy is derived from the intake and digestion of the organic substances, normally of plant or animal tissue.
Heterotrophic mode of nutrition is of different types:
(i)┬аSaprophytic Nutrition: Organisms that feed on dead decay body is known as saprophytes and this process is known as saprophytic nutrition. For example, Mushroom, Fungi, Bacteria and Yeast etc.
(ii)┬аParasitic Nutrition: It refer to the mode of obtaining food synthesis by others. The organism which obtain food is called parasite and the organism from which food is absorbed is called the Host. The nutrition is absorbed in Fungi, Bacteria, a few plants like cuscta and some and some animal like Plasmodium and roundworm.
(iii)┬аHolozoic Nutrition: It refer to the mode of nutrition in which the complex organic matter in the form of solid food is ingested digested and then absorbed into the cells and utilized, example Amoeba, frog, human being.
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The Nutrition In Amoeba
The mode of nutrition in amoeba is holozoic and it is omnivorous. It feeds on unicellular plant or animal such as paramecium, Oscillatoria, etc. the various steps of nutrition are ingestion, digestion, assimilation, egestion. when amoeba comes in contact with food particle, it sends are pseudopodia which engulf the prey by forming a food cup. This process is ingestion. When the tips of the encircling pseudopodia touch each other, the food is encaptured into a bag called food vacuole. This step is digestion. The food vacuole serves as a temporary stomach secreting digested juice. The digested food gets absorbed and diffuses into the cytoplasm and them assimilated. Egestion of digested food takes place at any point on the surface of the body that is there is no fixed anus.
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What Are The Steps Of Holozoic Nutrition?
Ingestion: The taking in of food.
Digestion: The process of converting complex food into simple soluble form by action of enzymes.
Absorption: The mixing of simple soluble food into blood.
Assimilation: The process by which food is transported to cells for its utilization.
Egestion: The removal of undigested food outside the body.
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Describe The Circulation System Of Human Body?
Blood. We have four to six liters of blood. It is also known as connective tissue. That is the transport medium of the circulatory system. The two main function of blood are to transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and to carry carbon dioxide, urea and other waste from the cell.
COMPONENT OF BLOOD ARE:
RBC: RBC are five million in numbering in our body. RBC contain hemoglobin which helps in carrying oxygen with blood. The red colour of blood is only due to the presence of hemoglobin.
Enzymes: Exocrine gland.
Hormones: Endocrine gland.
The excess of RBC has been destroyed by liver. RBC are biconcave discs have no nucleus which gives largest surface area and allowing them to fold up and passed through the smallest capillaries.
WBC: WBC help in making the immune system of the body. It creates antibodies. When bacteria enter in our body.
Blood Platelets: Platelets are rounded, colourless, biconvex and non-nucleated cells which help in coagulation of blood. They are called thermobocytes, they are formed in bone marrow.
Blood Plasma: Approximately 55% of blood is made up of plasma. It is 90% water and 10% dissolved molecules. It is of three type Albomins(helps in water regulation), Immunoglobins (antibodies), Fibrinogen.
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What Are The Functions Of Blood?
Blood perform the following function:
(i) Transport of oxygen: Red blood corpuscles contain hemoglobin that combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin which is transported to the tissue of the body for the purpose of respiration.
(ii) Transport of carbon dioxide: Carbon dioxide produce by the tissues as a result of respiration in transported by the blood plasma and also by the hemoglobin to the lungs from where it is removed.
(iii) Transport of Nutrients: The digested and absorbed nutrition like glucose, amino acid, fatty acid, vitamins, etc. are first transported to the liver and then to the whole of tissues for their storage, Oxidation and Synthesis to new substance.
(iv) Transport of excretory products: Nitrogenous waste like ammonia, urea and uric acid of body are transported to the kidney by the blood from where they are eliminated.
(v) Regulation of body temperature: The blood flows in all parts of the body so it equalizes the body temperature it carries heat from one place to another place of the body.
(vi) Maintenance of pH: The plasma protein act as buffer system and maintain required ph of the body tissue.
(vii) Transport of Hormones: The plasma of blood transports various hormones from one region to another and bring about the coordination in the working of the body.
(viii) Water balance: The blood maintenance water balance at constant level by disturbing uniformly over the body.
(ix) Protection from diseases: The WBC (eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes,) engulf the bacteria and other diseases causing organism by phagocytosis. The lymphocytes produce antibodies against the antigens.
(x) Clotting of blood forms a clot at the site of injury, thus preventing further loss of blood. Blood helps in rapid healing of wounds.
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Describe The Mechanism Behind The Formation Of Lymph Fluid?
(i) The high blood pressure at the end of the capillary belt is much greater than the solute potential of the surrounding cells thus fluid is forced out of the capillaries the meaning of this point.
(ii) At the various and the capillaries belt the blood pressure is very low while the solute potential of the blood is much stronger since the blood is more concentrated.
(iii) The overall effect is to ensure that the tissue fluid is constantly on the move and so every cell in the body receives a fresh supply in neutrates.
Note: Not all of the fluid forced out of the capillaries is returned by the osmosis and the network of vessel which collect this excess fluid is known as Lymphatic system it returns this food to the circulatory system.
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Discuss About The Lymphatic System?
It is system of tiny tubes called lymph vessels or lymphatic and lymph nodes or lymph glands in the human body which transports the liquid, lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system.
Lymphatic system runs parallel to veins consist of the following parts:
Lymph or tissue fluid is colourless containing lymphocyte cells which fight against infection. Lymph flows only in one direction thatтАЩs why from tissue in heart. Lymph is also called extracellular fluid as it lies outside the cells. Lymph drains into lymphatic capillaries.
Lymphatic capillaries are thin walled capillaries forming a network in every organ except in nervous system. Lymphatic vessels form a second pathway for fluid returning from the tissues to the heart. The lymphatic capillaries unite to form lymphatic vessels which are very small veins in structure.
Lymph Nodes or Lymph gland are situated in the course of the lymph vessel and generally occur in groups and are oval or kidney shaped. They are rich with phagocyte and lymphocyte thus act as filter for the microorganism.
Function of Lymph are:
(i) Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood.
(ii) It protects the body by killing the germs and draining it out of the body tissues with the help of lymphocytes contained in lymph nodes.
Veins
Veins are the vessels of our body which helps in transferring oxygenated or deoxygenated blood from the body through heart and heart to different body. After leaving the capillaries the blood enters the network of small vennules which feed into veins these carry blood back to the artery of the blood. Veins tend to run between the muscle block of the body and nearer to the surface than artery. The largest vein contains values that maintain the direction follow this is important where blood must flow against the force of the gravity.
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Write A Short Note On The Blood Capillaries?
Artierioles branch into network of very small blood vessels now as capillaries these have a very large surface area and thin walls that are only one cell thick. It is in the capillaries that exchange take place between the blood and the tissue of the body. Capillaries are also narrow this shows the blood down allowing time for diffusion to take occur. Tissue fluid is form in the capillary for their walls are leak.
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Describe The Mechanism Of The Human Heart?
The control originated of cardiac vascular system in the heart. This is a hollow muscular originated that contained of regular interval forcing blood through the circulatory system. The heart is in shape of cone about the size of fist and it located in the center part of thorax between the lungs directly behind the breast bone. The ball of heart is made up of three layer of tissue the outer and the inner layer are epithermal tissue the middle layer is of myocardium. Our heart beats about once every second of every day of our life (approximately our heart beat 2.5 million times from natural to all days the heart can beat heart of two pumps sitting side by side each pump has upper part known as atrium and lower part is known as ventricle. It has totally four chamber hearts. The right side of the heart pump deoxygenated blood from the body into the lungs where gas exchange take place. In that process carbon dioxide is loss to the air and oxygen is absorbed. This oxygen is almost all carried by the RBC. The left side of the heart pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. The atrium of the heart receive blood coming into the heart that help thick wall so allowing them to be filled easily. They pup the blood into the ventricle. The ventricle pump blood out of the heart and the left ventricle has the thickest wall of the heart because it has to do most of the work to pump blood to all part of the body this is where the blood has the highest pressure.
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What Do You Understand By The Blood Pressure?
Blood move through our circulation because it is under pressure caught by the contraction of the heart and by the muscle that surrounded our blood pressure. The measure of this force is known as blood pressure. The blood pressure will away be higher in the two main artery just outside the heart because the pulmonary circulation inaccessible blood pressure is measured in the systematic circulation only that is blood living the left ventricle only normally in the upper atrium.
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Discuss About The Systolic Pressure And Diastolic Pressure?
Systolic Pressure: To measure blood pressure ensure that patient is relax and has not taken any exercise for at least ten minutes. A cuff is inflated around a person arms stopping the flow of blood through the artery the pressure in the cuff slowly released at the same time doctor listen the first sound of blood passing through the artery this means that the ventricle is pumping with enough force to overcome the pressure exerted by the cuff. This pressure is also known as systolic pressure. The systolic pressure is 120 mm/hg.
Diastolic pressure: The pressure continues to release now listening for the disappearance of sound indicating the steady flow of blood. This pressure is known as diastolic pressure. The normal diastolic pressure is 80 mm/hg.
Describe The Transportation In Plant?
Plant transport system moves energy stored leaves and raw material from roots. These are two path way are constructed as conducting tubes xylem, which move water mineral obtain from the soil and phloem which transport products of photosynthesis from leaves where they are synthesis to other parts of plant.
Transport of water and mineral: Plant require water for making by photosynthesis and also need minerals salt for various purposes. The water and mineral are absorbed from soil by the roots of the plants and transported to various part of the plant like stem, leaf, flower.
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Arteries
Arteries carry blood from the heart to the capillaries of the organs in the body the walls of arteries are thicker than those of veins. Other that pulmonary arteries all artery carry oxygenated blood. The Aorta carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle top the body part except lungs it has a largest diameter and carries blood at high pressure as the Aorta travels away from the heart it branches into arteries so that all parts of the body are supplied the smallest are called arterioles.
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Difference Between Xylem And Phloem?
Xylem: It is a tissue that transport water and mineral from the roots to all part of the vascular plant.
Xylem consists of four kind of elements:
(i) Vessels
(ii) Tracheids
(iii) Xylem fiber
(iv) Xylem Parenchyma
Phloem: It is a vascular tissue that transport food material in vascular plant from region where they are produced i.e. leaves to region such as growing points where they are needed for the purpose of the storage or consumption. Phloem consist of sieve tubes.
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What Is Transpiration? Describe In Brief.
It is defined as the process by which plant lose water in the vapour form from then aerial plants of the plant.
Importance of transpiration:
(i) Ascent of sap: It is the upward movement of cell thatтАЩs why water and mineral through the xylem.
(ii) Removal of excess water: Transpiration helps to excess water.
(iii) Cooling effect: Transpiration helps to regulate the temperature of the plant since evaporation reduces temperature.
(iv) Absorption and distribution of salts: The continues water current produced by transpiration help to absorb and distribution the salts.
Evidence of transpiration:
(i) Diameter of tree trunk decreases during day when water loss from leaves is high.
(ii) Breakage of water column through introduction of air into the column stop upward flow of water.
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What Do You Understand By The Transpiration In Leaves?
90% of all water taken up by the roots is lost at leaves by evaporation. Water exist the leave through stomata. Water lost through stomata is replaced by the water released from mesophyll cells.
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What Do You Understand By The Absorption Of Mineral By Roots?
Most water enters through roots hair. Roots hair always turgid due to solute potential. Transport of minerals into roots is done by active transport pumps in the root here plasm membrane to accumulate minerals against the concentration gradient active transport creates solute potential in the roots and water float.
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Describe The Feature Of Stomata Opening And Closing?
Stomata opening:
(i) Stomata are open when guard cell are turgid (full of water)
(ii) When water potential in guard cell is lower than in cell of mesophyll water enter in guard cell.
(iii) When turgid guard cell deforms and stomata open.
(iv) Guard cell can become hypotonic to the mesophyll cell by increasing their sugar concentration through active photosynthesis.
Stomata closing:
(i) Stomata are close when guard cell is shrink.
(ii) If mesophyll cell loses excessive amount of water they became hypertonic to guard cell and water leave guard cell.
The Water Potential
The potential energy of water is the tendency of water to move is known as water potential. The two forces can cause water to move. Physical pressure create pressure potential osmosis difference creates solute potential.
Dry air has very low water potential moist soil has a relatively high water potential leaves in dry air are connected through a water filled xylem to the moist soil. Water moves upward through the xylem down a water potential gradient.
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What Are The Factor Effecting On The Transpiration Rate?
(i) Humidity (decreases the transpiration rate)
(ii) Transpiration rate is also affected by the temperature.
(iii) Carbon dioxide also affect opening and closing which further affect the transpiration rate.
(iv) Deciduous plant loose leave during dry season including winter.
(v) Few leave has thick and hard appearance due to which causes loss of water.
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Describe The Respiration In Plant?
Plant also do respiration through stomata when stomata of plant open then exchange of gases takes place oxygen enters in the plant carbon dioxide excrete out from the plant. But the rate of respiration is very less than the rate of photosynthesis. The oxygen which enters in the plants is used to breakdown the glucose formed during the photosynthesis and give carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy.
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How Does The Respiration Taken Place In Animal?
It takes place with the help of some specific respiratory organs which filters in different animal groups, according to their habitat. Aquatic animals like frog, fish have muscles gills as respiratory organ land animal like lizard, bird have lungs and insect have air tubes or trachea as their respiratory organ.
Unicellular Organism respire through its cell membrane by the process of diffusion and osmosis.
Respiration through gills: Fish and many of other aquatic animal respire through gills water enters through the mouth of the fish then it filtered through the upper membrane of the gill. The filtered water entered to the gills where exchange of gases take place. The oxygen of water enters into the blood and carbon dioxide enters in the water.
Respiration through skin: Many animals like frog and earthworms respire through skin.
Respiration through lungs: Many animals respire through lungs like human being.
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Explain The Human Respiratory System In Brief?
The human respiratory system is composed of a pair of lungs there are attached to a system of cubes which open on the outside through the Nostrils following are the main structure in the human respiratory system.
Nostrils: There are two nostrils which converts to form a nasal passage. The inner lining of the nostrils his line by hairs and remain wet due to secretion of mucus. The mucus and the hair helps in filtering the dust particle out from inhaled hair. Further air is warmed when it enters the nasal passage.
Pharynx: It is a tube like structure which after the nasal passage.
Larynx: This part come after the pharynx. This is also known as voice box. Larynx can be seen in male in the region of throat which is known as AdanтАЩs apple.
Trachea: this is composed of rings of cartilage. It is in the shape of incomplete rings like C shaped cartilage rings prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air. The inner lining of is line with mucus.
Bronchus: A pair of bronchi comes out from the trachea with one bronchi going to each lung.
Bronchioles: A bronchi divide into branches and sub ranches inside the lungs. The final bronchioles end with alveoli.
Alveoli: There are air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Alveoli is compared of a very thin membrane and is the place where blood capillary open. This is alveoli where oxygen mix with blood and carbon dioxide exit from the blood. The exchange of the gases in alveoli take place due to pressure differential.
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What Is Meant By The Breathing Mechanism?
The breathing mechanism of lungs is controlled by the diaphragm and he some special muscle diaphragm is a membrane which separates the thoraces Chamber from the abdominal cavity when diaphragm move down the lungs expand and air is inhaled when diaphragm moves up the lungs and contract and air is exhaled.
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Respiration
Respiration is different from breathing because respiration include chemical change but breathing include only physical change. Breathing is physical method in which inhalation of air (including oxygen) and exhalation of air(without oxygen) take place.
Following the reaction taken place in the breakdown of glucose.
Aerobic respiration means breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to energy.
Anaerobic respiration means breakdown of glucose in the limited amount supply of CO2.
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What Advantages Over An Aquatic Organism Does A Terrestrial Organism Have With Regards To Obtaining Oxygen For Respiration?
Terrestrial animal take up oxygen from the atmosphere where as aquatic animal need to utilize oxygen present in the water air contain more oxygen as compared to water since the contact of oxygen in air is high the terrestrial animal does not have to breath faster to get more oxygen thatтАЩs why terrestrial animal does not have to show various adaptation for better gaseous exchange.
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What Are The Different Ways In Which Glucose Is Oxidised To Provide Energy In Various Organism?
Glucose is first broken down in the cell cytoplasm into a three carbon molecule called pyruvate than pyruvate is further broken down by the different ways to produce energy?
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How Is Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide Transferred In Human Being?
Hemoglobin transports oxygen molecules all the body cell for cellular respiration. The hemoglobin pigments present in the blood gets attached for oxygen molecules that are obtained from breathing it does forms oxyhemoglobin and the blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is that distribute to all the body cells by the heart after giving a way oxygen to the body cell blood takes away carbon dioxide which is the end product of cellular respiration now the blood became deoxygenated. Since hemoglobin pigment has less affinity for carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is mainly transported in the dissolved form this deoxygenated blood gives carbon dioxide to alveoli and takes oxygen in return.
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How Are The Lungs Designed In Human Being To Maximize The Area For Exchange Of Gases?
The exchange of gases take place between the blood of the capillaries that surrounded the alveoli does alveoli is the sight for the exchange of gases the lungs get filled up with during the process of inhalation. There are 300 to 350 million alveoli present in to maximize the area of the lungs.
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How Does The Excretion Take Place In Human Being?
There are different ways through which waste product excrete out from human body.
(i) Through Lungs: Excretion of carbon dioxide of gas.
(ii) Through Kidney: Excretion of urine.
(iii) Through Sweat gland: Excretion of water.
(iv) Through Anus: Excretion of undigested food.
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xcretion in plant is take place through stomata present in leaves and roofs.
The excretion of excess water in the form of water vapour through stomata in leaves is known as transpiration maintain the flow of water and nutrient from soil to leaves through xylem.
Excretion is also take place through stomata in roots plant excrete their waste product in the soil their roots and it will use by different microbes further excrete nitrogenous waste which is very usefully by the plant.
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What Is The Function Of Digestive Enzyme?
Digestive enzymes amylase, pepsin, trypsin other enzymes have in breaking down complex food material into simpler substances which can be easily absorbed by the blood and thus transported to all the cells of the body.
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Name The Different Parts Of Excretory System Of Human Body And Define Them?
Different parts of excretory system are the following:
(i) Kidney
(ii) Ureter
(iii) Urethra
(iv)Nephron (basic unit of kidney)
(v) Urinary bladder
(i) Kidney are the main excretory part of our body there are two kidney present in the body at the back side of abdomen cavity kidney contain 1000 of basic excretory unit known as nephron kidney
(ii) Ureter is a type of duet which collect the urine from both the kidney to the urinary bladder. Urinary bladder is aa temporary storage pouch of urine where all the urine collects and store for some time after it excrete out with pressure through a duct known as ureter
(iii) Urethra is a tube from which urine excrete out from the body.
(iv) Nephron is a basic excretory unit of kidney it is a cup shape ended of a coiled tube called bones that collect the filtrate each kidney has large number of these filtration unit called nephron called packed close together. Some substance in the initial filter such as glucose amino acid salt and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed as the unit flows along the tube the amount of water reabsorbed depend on how much excess water there is in a body.
The waste liquid is finally collected by collectively duet which is further join to ureter. Finally, the collected urine goes through ureter and stored for some time in the urinary bladder after sometime it excretes out through urethra.
(v) Urine is a mixture of uric acid, ammonia, some waste water, waste salt etc. of our bod. It is yellow in colour and it smell is due the presence of ammonia.
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Dialysis
Dialysis is a process in which a temporary way is provide to all patient to all patient to clean its blood through a dialysis machine it happen when both the kidneys are not working properly. Dialysis solution is also known as dialysis fuel, contain a solution of water electrolytes salt such as bicarbonate and sodium the purpose of dialysis is to pull toxins from the blood into the dialysis the way this works is through the process is known as diffusion.
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