Methods Of Birth Control
1. Natural Methods: Periodic abstinence, Coitus interruptus or withdrawal Lactational amenorrhea.
2. Barrier Methods: Condom, Diaphragms, Cervical cap and vault
3. Intra Uterine Devices: Non┬Чmedicated (e.g. Lippes loop), Copper releasing (e.g., Cu-T, multiload 375), Hormone releasing (e.g. LNG-20, progestasert)
4. Oral contraceptives: Pills / Saheli, Mala-D Small doses of either progestogens or Progestogen-estrogen combination
5. Injections: Progestrone derivates given every three months.
6. Implants: Synthetic progestrone patches are implanted under the skin. Prevents pregnancy upto 4 years.
6. Emergency pills: Must be taken within 72 hours of coitus. They have high concentration of progestrone and oestrogen which prevent ovulation, e.g. I pill, unwanted-72 etc.
7. Surgical (Sterilisation): (1) Tubectomy; (2) Vasectomy in male in females.
Important Questions For Practice
Questions:
1. Give the term for prenatal diagnostic technique aimed to know the sex of developing foetus and to detect congenital disorders.
2. After a successful in-vitro fertilisation, the fertilised egg begins to divide. Where is this egg transferred before it reaches the 8-celled stage and what is this technique called?
3. Give another name for sexually transmitted diseases. Name two sexually transmitted diseases which are curable and two diseases which are not curable.
Answers:
1. Amniocentesis.
2. Fallopian tube; Zygote intra fallopian transfer (ZIFT)
3. Veneral disease (VD)/Reproductive tract infection (RTI), Curable-Syphilis, Gonorrhoea, Non Curable-Hepatitis B, AIDS.
Important Questions On 12th Biology Chapter 4
The young individual or adolescents are more susceptible in acquiring various sexually transmitted diseases. Hence, providing information to them at the right time would help them to lead a reproductively healthy life and also protect them from the myths and misconceptions about various sex related issues.
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Decreased death rate
Increased birth rate and longevity
The death rate has decreased in the past 50 years. The factor leading to decreased death rate and increased birth rate are control of diseases, awareness and spread of education, improvement in medical facilities, ensured food supply in emergency situation, etc. All this has also resulted in an increase in the longevity of an individual.
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Q3
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Test tube babies
This involves in-vitro fertilization where the sperms meet the egg outside the body of a female. The zygote, hence produced, is then transferred in the uterus or fallopian tube of a normal female. The babies produced from this method are known as test tube babies.
Gamete Intra fallopian transfer (GIFT)
It is a technique that involves the transfer of gamete (ovum) from a donor into the fallopian tube of the recipient female who is unable to produce eggs, but has the ability to conceive and can provide right conditions for the development of an embryo.
Intra Cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
It is a method of injecting sperm directly into the ovum to form an embryo in laboratory.
Artificial insemination
Artificial insemination is a method of transferring semen (sperm) from a healthy male donor into the vagina or uterus of the recipient female. It is employed when the male partner is not able to inseminate the female or has low sperm counts.
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Q5
lly transmitted diseases (STDs) get transferred from one individual to the other through sexual contact. Adolescents and young adults are at the greatest risk of acquiring these sexually transmitted diseases. Hence, creating awareness among the adolescents regarding its after-effects can prevent them from contracting STDs. The use of contraceptives, such as condoms, etc. while intercourse, can prevent the transfer of these diseases. Also, sex with unknown partners or multiple partners should be avoided as they may have such diseases. Specialists should be consulted immediately in case of doubt so as to assure early detection and cure of the disease.