How Can Religion Influence Politics?
(i) Gandhi Ji believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from all religious.
(ii) Ideas, ideals and values drawn from different religion can play a role in politics.
(iii) People should have the freedom to express in politics their needs, interest and demands as a member of a religious community.
(iv) People who hold political power should see the discrimination and oppression does not take place due to religion.
What Is Meant By A Homogeneous Society?
A society that has similar kinds of people especially where there is no significant ethnic difference.
What Do You Know About Civil Rights Movement?
It refers to a set of events and reforms movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against
African – Americans.
Who Are Called Migrants?
Anybody who shift from one region or country to another region within country or to another country for work or other economic opportunities.
What Are The Three Important Factors In The Outcome Of Politics Of Social Divisions?
(i) The first and foremost factor is for people to see their identities as multiple and complementary to the national identity. This helps them to stay together.
(ii) The second factor depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. The demands should be within the constitutional framework and not at the cost of another community.
(iii) The third factor depends on how the demands of different groups are met by the government. The demands of minority community should also be kept in mind.
Why Did Smith Wear A Black Scarf Around His Neck And Carlos A String Of Beads During Medal Ceremony At Mexico City In 1968?
Smith wore a black scarf around his neck to represent black pride and Carlos wore a string of beads to commemorate black people who had been killed.
Reasons Of Origins Of Social Differences
According to NCERT Books for Class 9, the reasons of Origins of Social Differences are as follows:
(i) Based on our choices: Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it because we were born into etc.
(ii) Based on our choices: Some of the differences are based on our choices. For example, religion, occupation, sports etc. Some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a particular religion. Most of us choose which occupation to take up.
(iii) Based on economic status: Economic status can also be responsible for social differences. Rich and poor people belonging to the same community or religion often do not keep close relations with each other as they feel that they are very different.
One Mark Questions With Answers
1. Where was the Olympic event of 1968 held?
2. In which countries does the women’s representation in politics is high?
3. Who were Tommie Smith and John Carlos?
4. Which region has the highest women’s representation in the national parliament?
5. Who was the leaders of Civil Rights Movement in the United States?
6. What is called a person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs?
7. What did mean black-gloved and raised clenched fists of Tommie Smith and John Carlos?
8. What does gender division refer to?
9. What was the main reasons of disintegration of Yugoslavia?
10. In which university, the statue of Tommie Smith, John Carlos and Peter Norman has been installed?
Answers of 1 Mark Questions
1. Mexico.
2. Finland, Sweden and Norway
3. They were African – Americans. They won medals in 200 metres race.
4. Nordic countries.
5. Martin Luther king Jr.
6. Secular
7. Black Power
8. Gender division refers to the unequal roles assigned to men and women by the society.
9. Religious and ethnic reasons
10. San Jose state University.
However, the combination of social divisions and politics is not always negative. The political expression of social divisions allows marginalised and disadvantaged social groups to express their grievances and ask the government to rectify them. The system of reservation of seats in Indian legislatures for the socially disadvantaged has allowed such social groups to have an adequate representation in the decision making process.
The people’s perception of their identities:
When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult.
Representation of a community by political leaders:
While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands.
The government’s reaction:
If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.
Explain The Medal Ceremony Of The 200-Meter Race In Mexico City?
The medal ceremony of the 200 metres race in the 1968 Olympics held at Mexico City. The two men standing with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed, while the American national anthem was played, are the US athletes, Tommie Smith and John Carlos. They are AFRICAN-AMERICANS. They had won the gold and bronze medals respectively. They received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes to represent Black poverty. With this gesture, they racial discrimination in the United States. The black-gloved and raised clenched fists were meant to symbolize BLACK POWER. The silver medalist, white Australian athlete, Peter Norman, wore a human rights badge on his shirt during the ceremony to show his support to the two Americans.
How The International Olympic Making A Political Statement?
The International Olympic Association held Carlos and Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement. Their medals were taken back. Back home, they were subjected to a lot of criticism. Norman too suffered for his action and was not included in the Australian team for the next Olympic. But their action succeeded in gaining international attention for the Civil Rights Movement in the US. Recently, the San Jose (pronounced ‘Saan Hoze’) State University, of which they were former students, honored them and installed their statue in the University campus. When Norman died in 2006, Smith and Carlos were pallbearers at his funeral.
How You Can Say That Social Difference Based On Accident Of Birth In Our Live?
These social differences are mostly based on accident of birth. Normally we don’t choose to belong to our community. We belong to it simply because we were born into it. We all experience social differences based on accident of birth in our everyday lives. People around us are male or female, they are tall and short, have different kinds of complexions, or have different physical abilities or disabilities. But all kinds of social differences are not based on accident of birth. Some of the differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists. They don’t believe in God or any religion. Some people choose to follow a religion other than the one in which they were born. Most of us choose what to study, which occupation to take up and which games or cultural activities to take part in. All these lead to formation of social groups that are based on our choices.
The Civil Rights Movement In USA
Civil Rights movement refers to a set of events and reform movements aimed at abolishing legal racial discrimination against African-Americans. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., this movement practiced non-violent methods of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices. Afro-American, Black American, or Black are the terms used to refer mainly to the descendants of Africans who were brought into America as slaves between the 17th century and early 19th century. The Black Power movement emerged in1966 and lasted till 1975, which was a more militant anti-racist movement, advocating even violence if necessary to end racism in the US.
How Social Division Takes Place When Some Social Difference Overlaps With Other Differences?
Social division takes place when some social difference overlaps with other differences. The difference between the Blacks and Whites becomes a social division in the US because the Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discrimination and injustice. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities.
Why Is It Difficult To Pit One Group Of People Against The Other?
If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on a different issue. Consider the cases of Northern Ireland and the Netherlands. Both are predominantly Christian but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. If you are Catholic, you are also more likely to be poor, and you may have suffered a history of discrimination. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.
What Is The Meaning Of Homogenous Society And Migrant?
Homogeneous society: A society that has similar kinds of people, especially where there are no significant ethnic differences. Migrant: Anybody who shifts from one region or country to another region within a country or to another country, usually for work or other economic opportunities.
Social Difference To Social Division
Every social difference does not lead to social division. Social differences divide similar people from one another, but they also unite very different people. People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups. In the instance above, Carlos and Smith were similar in one way (both were African-American) and thus different from Norman who was white. But they were also all similar in other ways – they were all athletes who stood against racial discrimination. It is fairly common for people belonging to the same religion to feel that they do not belong to the same community, because their caste or sect is very different. It is also possible for people from different religions to have the same caste and feel close to each other. Rich and poor persons from the same family often do not keep close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.
Is Social Division Depending On The Size Of The Country?
Social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries. It does not matter whether the country is small or big. India is a vast country with many communities. Belgium is a small country with many communities. Even those countries such as Germany and Sweden, that were once highly HOMOGENEOUS, are undergoing rapid change with influx of people from other parts of the world. MIGRANTS bring with them their own culture and tend to form a different social community. In this sense most countries of the world are multi-cultural.
What Was Protestant Represented And Also What They Want?
The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly protestant. Hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between Unionists and Nationalists and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists. It was only in 1998, that the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended their armed struggle. In Yugoslavia, the story did not have a happy ending. Political competition along religious ending ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
How Can You Say That Every Expression Of Social Divisions In Politics Does Not Lead To Such Disasters?
At the same time every expression of social divisions in politics does not lead to such disasters. We have already seen that social divisions of one kind or another exist in most countries of the world. Wherever they exist, these divisions are reflected in politics. In a democracy it is only natural that political parties would talk about these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after due representation of various communities and make policies to redress the grievances of the disadvantaged communities. Social divisions affect voting in most countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than others. In many countries there are parties that focus only on one community. Yet all this does not lead to disintegration of the country.
The Effect Of Social Division On Politics
Take the case of Northern Ireland that we referred to above. This region of the United Kingdom has been for many years the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict. Its population is divided into two major sects of Christianity: 53 per cent are Protestants, while 44 per cent are Roman Catholics. The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country.
How Do Political Leaders Raise The Demands Of Any Community?
It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community. The demand for ‘only Sinhala’ was at the cost of the interest and identity of the Tamil community in Sri Lanka. In Yugoslavia, the leaders of different ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated within a single country.
How Does The Government React To Demands Of Different Groups?
As we saw in the examples of Belgium and Sri Lanka, if the rulers are willing to share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they try to suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result is often quite the opposite. Such attempts at forced integration often sow the seeds of disintegration.
What Thing Lead To Strengthening Of A Democracy?
The assertion of social diversities in a country need not be seen as a source of danger. In a democracy, political expression of social divisions is very normal and can be healthy. This allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get the government to attend to these. Expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often results in their cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.
How Do Demands In A Peaceful And Constitutional Manner Seek A Fair Position Through Elections?
A positive attitude towards diversity and a willingness to accommodate it do not come about easily. People who feel marginalized, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices. Such a fight often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful and constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through elections. Sometimes social differences can take the form of unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes takes the path of violence and defiance of state power. However, history shows that democracy is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity.
The Outcome Of Politics In Social Division
First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular and exclusive terms, it becomes very difficult to accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as only Catholic or Protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is much easier if the people see that their identities are multiple and are complementary with the national identity. A majority of Belgians now feel that they are as much Belgian as they are Dutch or German-speaking. This helps them to stay together. This is how most people in our country see their identity: they think of themselves as Indian as well as belonging to a state or a language group or a social or religious community.