Important Terms On Class 8 Science Chapter 4
1. Physical Properties Of Metals And Non-Metals
The first part of Class 8 Science Chapter 4 content focuses on the importance of metallurgy which is related to materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behaviour of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures. As you know, metals can be distinguished from non-metals based on their properties. Have you ever seen a blacksmith beating an iron piece like a spade, an axe or other materials? Do you find any changes in the shape of these articles on beating? Your answer will be ‘yes’. Remember, the property of metals by which they can be beaten into you thin sheets is called ‘malleability’. But materials like coal and pencil lead do not show this property.
2. Metals Are Ductile And Sonorous
Have you seen wire of coal? Your answer will be ‘no’. Generally, we see the copper wire and aluminium wire. Remember, the property of metal by which it can be drawn into wires is called ‘ductility’. Materials give a sound on beating or dropping. It is an attractive characteristic. Remember, metals produce ringing sounds; they are said to be ‘sonorous’. Thus, we can say that some materials which are hard, lustrous (gives shine), a malleable, ductile and good conductor of heat and electricity, called ‘metal’. Iron, copper, aluminium, magnesium, etc., are the example of metals. The materials which do not have the characteristics of metals called non-metals.
3. Chemical Properties Of Metals And Non-Metals
In this part of the content deals with the chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It will help you to understand what will happen if metals react with other substances, such as oxygen, water, base, acids etc. Remember, sodium metal is very reactive. It creates vigorously with oxygen and water and creates heat as iron reacts with water slowly. In the other hand, non-metals do not react with water though they may be very reactive in air. Such non-metals are stored in water.
4. Reaction Metals With Oxygen
You are familiar with the phenomenon of rusting of iron and burning of a magnesium ribbon in the air. Iron creates ferric oxides on rusting. Magnesium creates magnesium oxide on burning. The ash obtained on burning magnesium ribbon is dissolved in water and tested for its acidic or basic nature. You must have observed that the red litmus paper turns blue, means it is basic in nature. Thus, we can say that metallic oxide is basic in nature. When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water, sulphuric acid is formed. The sulphuric acid turns blue litmus paper red. Generally, oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature.
5. Reaction Of Metals With Acids & Bases
If we take magnesium ribbon with hydrochloric acid for a reaction. Generally, we listen to a “Pop” sound, when a burning match stick is brought near the mouth of the test tube. If we do this type of reaction with non-metals, no “Pop-up” sound will create. Thus, it is clear that non-metals generally do not react with acids, but metals react with acids and produce ‘hydrogen gas’ that burns with a “Pop sound”. As you learn before, the pop sound indicates the presence of hydrogen gas. Metals react with Sodium Hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas. While the reaction of non-metals with bases are complex.
6. Displacement Reaction
In this part of Class 8 Science the content gives you an idea about the reactivity of different materials which helps you to understand the concept of stronger element and weaker element with their reactions. Do you know that when a more reactive metal is placed in the salt solution of all less reactive metal, then the more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution? This is known as the displacement reaction. Remember, a stronger reactive metal can always displace a less reactive metal, but a less reactive cannot replace a more reactive-metals.
When zinc is reacted with copper sulphate solution, then the copper will be displaced by zinc as zinc is more reactive than copper. Similarly, when a strip of iron metal is placed in a copper sulphate solution for sometimes, then the blue colour of copper sulphate solution fades and read brown coating of copper metal is deposited on the iron strip. The solution turns green is due to the formation of iron sulphate where a more reactive metal ion is displacing a less reactive metal copper from its salt solution that means copper sulphate solution.
7. Uses Of Metals And Non-Metals
In this part of the chapter teaches the uses of metals and non-metals in various industries. Metals are generally used in making machinery, automobiles, aeroplane, trains, satellites, modern gadgets, cooking utensils, water boilers etc. Some costly metal is used for making ornaments like gold, silver, platinum etc. You are also familiar with the uses of some non-metals. Oxygen is important for the survival of all living beings. Remember, oxygen is non-metal. Some non-metals like nitrogen, phosphorus are used as fertilizer to enhance the growth of the plants. Non-metals, like chlorine, is used in the water purification process. Non-metals such as sulphur is used in crackers also. In this way, you can see the importance of metals and non-metals with their physical and chemical properties. So, keeping these concepts in mind.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions For Practice
Why Are Aluminium Foils Used To Wrap Food Items?
Aluminium foils are used to wrap food items because aluminium is highly malleable. It can be beaten into thin sheets. Moreover, it does not react with food.
Why Are Immersion Rods For Heating Liquids Made Up Of Metallic Substances?
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Therefore, immersion rods for heating liquids are made of metallic substances.
Copper Cannot Displace Zinc From Its Salt Solution. Why?
The reactivity of zinc is higher than copper. Only a metal of higher reactivity can displace a metal of lower reactivity from its salt solution. So, copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution.
Why Are Sodium And Potassium Stored In Kerosene?
Sodium and potassium are highly reactive metals. They can catch fire even when they come in contact with air. So, they have to be kept in kerosene.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 MCQ With Answers
1. The substance that will be flattened on beating with a hammer is
(a) crystal of iodine
(b) lump of sulphur
(c) piece of coal
(d) zinc granule
2. Generally metallic oxides are basic and non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature. Solution of which of the following oxides in water will change the colour of blue litmus to red?
(a) sulphur dioxide
(b) magnesium oxide
(c) iron oxide
(d) copper oxide
3. Boojho has learnt that non-metals on beating with a hammer are generally broken into pieces. Which of the following is a nonmetal?
(a) iron nail
(b) aluminium wire
(c) copper plate
(d) piece of coal
4. Metals are generally hard. Which of the following metals is an exception and can be cut with a knife?
(a) iron
(b) sodium
(c) gold
(d) magnesium
5. The metal which produces hydrogen gas on reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid as well as sodium hydroxide solution is
(a) copper
(b) iron
(c) aluminium
(d) sodium
6. Metals are generally solid. Which of the following metals is in the liquid state at room temperature?
(a) mercury
(b) silver
(c) aluminium
(d) sodium
7. Metals generally react with dilute acids to produce hydrogen gas. Which one of the following metals does not react with dilute hydrochloric acid?
(a) magnesium
(b) aluminium
(c) iron
(d) copper
8. Which of the following non-metals reacts and catches fire on exposure to air?
(a) phosphorus
(b) nitrogen
(c) sulphur
(d) hydrogen
9. Materials which can be drawn into wires are called ductile. Which of the following is not a ductile material?
(a) silver
(b) copper
(c) sulphur
(d) aluminium
10. Which of the following property is not responsible for copper to be used as electrical conduction wires?
(a) ductility
(b) colour
(c) good conductor of electricity
(d) it is solid
Answers Of Important Questions (MCQ)
1 (d)
2 (a)
3 (d)
4 (b)
5 (c)
6 (a)
7 (d)
8 (a)
9 (c)
10 (b).
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions Set – 1
Name Some Materials Which We See Around Us.
We see around us, chair, pen, pencil, fan, washing machine, bullock cart, cycle, cooking utensils, books, clothes, toys, water, stones and many other objects.
If A Blacksmith Beats An Iron Piece With Hammer, Do You Think, It Will Change Its Shape? If Yes, Would You Expect A Similar Change In Wood Log On Beating?
Yes, iron piece will change its shape as it is a metal. It increases in size and does not break. If a wood log is beaten it does not change its shape but it breaks into pieces.
How Metals Can Be Distinguished From Non-Metals?
Metals can be distinguished from non-metals on the basis of their physical and chemical properties.
Can You Hold Hot Metallic Pan Which Is Without A Plastic Or Wooden Handle And Not Get Hurt?
Perhaps not, because iron rod, nail and copper wire are good conductors of heat and electricity while plastic, wood, sulphur piece, coal piece are poor conductors.
Therefore, wooden or plastic handle protects us from being hurt while handling hot things.
Malleability
The property of metals by which they can be beaten into thin sheets is called malleability. This is a characteristic property of metals. We saw that the shape of the iron nail and the aluminium wire changed on beating. If they were beaten harder these could be changed into sheets. Such as, silver foil used for decorating sweets.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions Set – 2
Boojho Is Unable To Understand That Why Some Objects Are Referred As “Sonorous”? Would You Help Him?
The objects which are made of metals produce ringing sound when struck hard. Suppose we have two boxes similar in appearance, one made of wood and the other of metal. If we struck hard on wood, no sound will produce. Whereas, metals produce ringing sounds. Hence, they are said to be sonorous. The materials other than metals are not sonorous.
Paheli Wants To Know The Characteristics Of Metals And Non-Metals. Would You Help Her?
The materials which are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous and good conductors of heat and electricity. The materials which generally possess these properties are called metals. The examples of metals are iron, copper, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, etc.
In contrast, materials like coal and sulphur are soft and dull in appearance. They break down into powdery mass on tapping with hammer. They are not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. These materials are called non-metals. The examples of non-metals are sulphur, carbon, oxygen, phosphorus, etc.
Do You Know The Name Of Metal Which Is Found In Liquid State In Room Temperature?
Mercury is the only metal which is found in liquid state at room temperature.
With The Help Of An Activity, How Do You Check The Nature Of Rust?
To check the nature of rust formed as a result of the reaction between iron, oxygen and water. Collect a spoonful of rust and dissolve it in a very little amount of water. We will find that the rust remains suspended in water. Shake the suspension well. Test the solution with red and blue litmus papers. Our observation is that the red litmus turns blue. That means, oxide of iron is basic in nature.
Rusting Of Iron
Rusting of iron refers to the formation of rust, a mixture of iron oxides, on the surface of iron objects or structures. When iron reacts with oxygen and moist as form of water vapours. It creates rust on iron. Rust changes the property of iron. Although, rust is a chemical change as the iron is changed into a new substance.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions Set – 3
Generally, Oxides Of Non-Metals Are Acidic In Nature. Discuss, With The Help Of An Activity.
Take a small amount of powdered sulphur in a deflagrating spoon or metallic cap of any bottle and heat it. As soon as sulphur starts burning, introduce the spoon into a gas jar or glass tumbler. Cover the tumbler with a lid to ensure that the gas produced does not escape. Remove the spoon after some time. Add a small quantity of water into the tumbler and quickly replace the lid. Shake the tumbler well.
The name of the product formed in the reaction of sulphur and oxygen is sulphur dioxide gas. When sulphur dioxide is dissolved in water sulphurous acid is formed. The reaction can be given as follows:
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) + Water (H2O) → Sulphurous acid (H2SO3). Check the solution with red and blue litmus papers. The sulphurous acid turns blue litmus paper red. That means, oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature
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Do You Have Any Idea That When Metals And Non-Metals Reacted With Water?
We know that sodium metal is very reactive. It reacts vigorously with oxygen and water. A lot of heat is generated in the reaction. Some other metals do not do so. For example, iron reacts with water slowly. Generally, non-metals do not react with water though they may be very reactive in air. Such non-metals are stored in water. For example, phosphorus is a very reactive non-metal. It catches fire if exposed to air. To prevent the contact of phosphorus with atmospheric oxygen, it is stored in water.
Is There Any Difference In The Way Of Metals And Non-Metals When They React With Acids? Show With An Activity.
Take samples of metals and non-metals as:
Magnesium(ribbon), Aluminium (foil), Iron (filings), Copper (peeled flexible wire), Charcoal (powder), Sulphur (powder) in separate test tubes and label them as A, B, C, D, E, and F.
With the help of a dropper add 5 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid to each test tube one by one. Observe the reactions carefully. If no reaction occurs in a cold solution, warm the test tube gently. Bring a burning matchstick near the mouth of each test tube.
You can listen the ‘pop’ sound in some cases be due to when a burning match stick is brought near the mouth of the test tubes.
You must have found that non- metals generally do not react with acids but metals react with acids and produce hydrogen gas that burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
Boojho Wants To Perform An Activity, Which Help Him To Understand The Displacement Reaction. Can You Help Him?
Take five 100 mL beakers and label them A, B, C, D and E. Take about 50 mL of water in each beaker. Dissolve in each beaker a teaspoonful of each substances.
Beaker A: Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Zinc granule (Zn),
Beaker B: Copper sulphate (CuSO4) + Iron nail (Fe),
Beaker C: Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) + Copper turnings (Cu),
Beaker D: Iron sulphate (FeSO4) + Copper turnings (Cu),
Beaker E: Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) + Iron nail (Fe)
Keep the beakers undisturbed for some time.
In beaker [A] zinc (Zn) replaces copper (Cu) from copper sulphate (CuSO4). That is why the blue colour of copper sulphate disappears and a powdery red mass of copper is deposited at the bottom of the beaker. Similarly, iron replaces the copper in Beaker [B].
Since we do not see any change in beaker [C], [D], and [E].
Remember that science is not arbitrary. It follows definite rules based on facts. And the rule here is that zinc is more reactive than copper and iron. A more reactive metal can replace a less reactive metal, but a less reactive one cannot replace a more reactive metal.
[Note: The order of activity for metals, from most reactive to least reactive, is: Li, K, Sr, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, Zn, Cr, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Sb, As, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Pd, Pt, and Au.]
Displacement Reaction
In a chemical reaction, when a more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its salt solution, it is called displacement reaction. As an example: zinc can displace copper from its copper sulphate solution as zinc is more reactive than copper. Less reactive metal cannot displace the more reactive metal from its salt solution.
As an example: copper cannot displace zinc from its solution zinc sulphate as copper is less reactive than zinc.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions Set – 4
Why Do Copper Utensils Get Greenish Deposits On Their Surface On Standing For Long Time?
After a long standing, the copper of utensils, reacts with oxygen of air and forms its oxides which are greenish in nature. That is why, the copper utensils get green deposition on their surface on long standing.
Explain, Why Zinc Metal Can Displace Copper From Copper Sulphate Solution But Copper Cannot Displace Zinc From Zinc Sulphate Solution?
Zinc metal can displace copper from copper sulphate solution as zinc is more reactive than copper. But copper cannot displace zinc from zinc sulphate solution because copper is less reactive than zinc.
Sodium Metal Is Kept In Kerosene But Not In Water. Why?
Sodium metal is highly reactive metal, when exposed in air it starts to burn to form oxide. In the same way, it forms hydroxide with water. It does not react with kerosene. So, to prevention against any reaction, it is kept in kerosene not in water.
Paheli Wants To Know That Magnesium Is Found In Plants But In, What Forms Is It Found In Them?
The most common soluble sources of magnesium to use as fertilizer are magnesium sulphate, sulphate of potash magnesia and magnesium oxide.
Besides these, magnesium is found in plants in the form of chlorophyll. It is present in the chlorophyll of the plant and helps in photosynthesis.
Uses Of Metals And Non-Metals
Metals are used in making machinery, automobiles, aeroplanes, trains, satellites, industrial gadgets, cooking utensils, water boilers, etc. You are also familiar with the uses of some non- metals. Non-metal essential for our life which all living beings inhale during breathing. Non-metals used in fertilisers to enhance the growth of plants. Non-metal used in water purification process. Non-metal used in the purple coloured solution which is applied on wounds as an antiseptic. Non-metals also used in crackers.
Class 8 Science Chapter 4 Important Questions Set – 5
Which Non-Metal Is Used To Disinfect Water?
Chlorine which is non-metal, is used in water purification plants because chlorine has the ability to kill germs.
Can You Store Lemon Pickle In An Aluminium Utensils? Explain.
No, we cannot store lemon pickle in aluminium utensils, as metal react with acids to liberate hydrogen gas. The pickle (which is acidic in nature) can be spoiled.
Iron Is More Reactive Than Copper, Can You Write An Activity To Show This?
Take about 50 ml of water in a beaker and dissolved 5 gram of copper sulphate in it to obtain copper sulphate solution (which is blue in colour). Put a clean iron nail in the solution and keep the beaker and disturb for some time.
We will find that the colour blue colour of copper sulphate solution starts fading gradually and the iron nail gets covered with the “Red Brown” layer of copper metal. It is because iron is more reactive than copper, so it displaces copper metal from its solution of copper sulphate. It is the copper metal set free from its compound which forms a “Red Brown” layer on the surface of iron nail.
Copper sulphate + Iron → Iron sulphate + Copper
(Blue solution) (Grey) (Greenish Solution) (Red-brown)
One Day Rita Went To A Jewellers Shop With Her Mother. Her Mother Gave Old Gold Jewellery To The Goldsmith To Polish. Next Day, When They Brought The Jewellery Back, They Found That There Was A Slightly Loose In Its Weight. Can You Suggest A Reason For The Loss In Weight?
To polish a gold ornament, it is dipped in an acid (called Aqua Regia). The outer layer of gold dissolves in the acid and the inner shiny layer is visible. Because of loss of upper layer of jewellery, its weight is reduced.
Paheli Prepared A Blue Coloured Solution Of Copper Sulphate In Beaker A And Placed An Iron Nail In It. Boojho Prepared A Yellowish Green Solution Of Ferrous Sulphate In Beaker B And Place A Copper Wire In It. What Changes Will They Observe In The Two Beakers After An Hour?
In beaker A, a reddish-brown colour of copper will deposit on the iron nail and blue coloured solution of copper sulphate will become yellowish green due to the formation of iron sulphate. This is because iron is more reactive than copper and it displaces copper from its salt solution (copper sulphate solution).
In beaker B, no change is observed because copper being less reactive does not displace iron (more reactive) from ferrous sulphate solution.
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