Describe Kingdom MONERA?
Kingdom MONERA:
1. Has bacteria as sole members.
2. Bacteria can have shapes like: Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Vibrium (comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral shaped).
3. Bacteria found almost everywhere and can be Photosynthetic autotrophs, Chemosyn thetic autotrophs or Heterotrophs.
4. Halophiles (salt-loving), hermoacidophiles (in hot springs)
5. Methanogens (in marsh and in gut of ruminant animals. Produce methane gas.)
6. Photosynthetic autotrophs like Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae BGA). Some like Anabaena and Nostoc have specialized cells called heterocysts for nitrogen fixation.
┬а
Give Brief Idea Of Kingdom PROTISTA?
Kingdom PROTISTA:
I. Comprises of all single celled eukaryotes
II. Forms a link between plants, animals and fungi.
1. Chrysophytes (Has diatoms and golden algae/desmids) Fresh water/marine, photosynthetic, microscopic plankton.
2. Dinoflagellates: Marine, photosynthetic cell wall has stiff cellulose plates.
3. Euglenoids: Found in stagnant fresh water. Have protein rich layer тАУ pellicle тАУ which makes body flexible.
4. Slime Moulds: Saprophytic protists, under suitable conditions form an aggregates called plasmodium, grows on decaying twigs and leaves.
5. Protozoans: Are heterotrops and live as predators or parasites. Have four major groups.
┬а
Important Terms On Biological Classification
Two kingdom classification: Given by Carolous Linneaeus тАУ Kingdom тАУ plantae and kingdom тАУAnimalia.
Five kingdom classification: By R.H. Whittaker, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia are the five kingdoms.
KINGDOM FUNGI
1. Heterotrophic organisms
2. Non chlorpohyllous hyphae
3. Reprouction can take place by vegetative means fragmentation, fission and budding. Asexual reproduction by spores тАУ conidia, sporangiospores or zoospores. Sexual reproduction by Oospores, ascospores and basidiospores тАУ produced in fruiting bodies.
4. Network of hyphae called mycelium
5. Hyphae which have multinucleate cytoplasm are called coenocytic hyphae
6. Cell wall of chitin and polysaccharides
7. Cosmopolitan. Grow in warm and humid places.
8. Saprophytic, parasitic, symbiotic (Lichen and Mycorrhiza) e.g., Puccinia, (wheat rust disesae), Penicillium, Yeast is a unicellular fungus.
┬а
Viruses
1. They did not find a place in classification.
2. Not truly living.
3. Non-cellular organisms which take over the machinery of host cell on entering it and become living but as such they have inert crystalline structure appear non-living. So, difficult to call them living or non-living.
4. Virus means venom of poisonous fluid. Pastuer gave the term virus.
5. D.J. Ivanowsky found out that certain microbes caused Tobacco Mosaic Disease in tobacco plant.
6. Viruses are obligate parasites.
┬а
Important Questions On 11th Biology Chapter 2
┬а
Therefore, Linnaeus gave a two kingdom system of classification. It consists of kingdom Plantae and kingdom Animalia. However, this system did not differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms and between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Therefore, there were large numbers of organisms that could not be classified under the two kingdoms.
To solve these problems, a five kingdom system of classification was proposed by R.H Whittaker in 1969. On the basis of characteristics, such as cell structure, mode of nutrition, presence of cell wall, etc., five kingdoms, Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia were formed.
┬а
a) They act as decomposers and help in the formation of humus.
b) They help in the production of curd from milk.
c) Many antibiotics are obtained from some species of bacteria.
d) Many soil bacteria help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
┬а
Archaebacteria
a) Methane gas is produced from the dung of ruminants by the methanogens.
b) Methanogens are also involved in the formation of biogas and sewage treatment.
┬а
Algal bloom refers to an increase in the population of algae or blue-green algae in water, resulting in discoloration of the water body. This causes an increase in the biological oxygen demand (BOD), resulting in the death of fishes and other aquatic animals.
Red-tides
Red tides are caused by red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) that multiply rapidly. Due to their large numbers, the sea appears red in colour. They release large amounts of toxins in water that can cause death of a large number of fishes.
(1) Amoeboid protozoa or sarcodines
They are unicellular, jelly-like protozoa found in fresh or sea water and in moist soil. Their body lacks a periplast. Therefore, they may be naked or covered by a calcareous shell. They usually lack flagella and have temporary protoplasmic outgrowths called pseudopodia. These pseudopodia or false feet help in movement and capturing prey. They include free living forms such as Amoeba or parasitic forms such as Entamoeba.
(2) Flagellated protozoa or zooflagellates
They are free living, non-photosynthetic flagellates without a cell wall. They possess flagella for locomotion and capturing prey. They include parasitic forms such as Trypanosoma, which causes sleeping sickness in human beings.
(3) Ciliated protozoa or ciliates
They are aquatic individuals that form a large group of protozoa. Their characteristic features are the presence of numerous cilia on the entire body surface and the presence of two types of nuclei. All the cilia beat in the same direction to move the water laden food inside a cavity called gullet. They include organisms such as Paramoecium, Vorticella,etc.
(4) Sporozoans
They include disease causing endoparasites and other pathogens. They are uninucleate and their body is covered by a pellicle. They do not possess cilia or flagella. They include the malaria causing parasite Plasmodium.
Euglenoids (such as Euglena) are unicellular protists commonly found in fresh water.
Instead of cell wall, a protein-rich cell membrane known as pellicle is present.
They bear two flagella on the anterior end of the body.
A small light sensitive eye spot is present.
They contain photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll and can thus prepare their own food. However, in absence of light, they behave similar to heterotrophs by capturing other small aquatic organisms.
They have both plant and animal-like features, which makes them difficult to classify.
Most of the viruses, infecting plants, have single stranded RNA as genetic material. On the other hand, the viruses infecting animals have single or double stranded RNA or double stranded DNA.
Bacteriophages or viruses infecting bacteria mostly have double stranded DNA. Their protein coat called capsid is made up of capsomere subunits. These capsomeres are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms.
A.I.D.S, small pox, mumps, and influenza are some common examples of viral diseases.